-
Using a default value for a variable
VAL=${<var>:-"<default>"}
- The above sets default if var is null or unset. Use only
: for skipping null check.
-
Reuse previous shell command
$ !!
Example: check git root and cd if proper
$ git rev-parse --show-toplevel
/git/root
$ cd $(!!)
-
Reinstall xcode-select @MACOS
$ sudo rm -rf $(xcode-select --print-path) && xcode-select --install
-
Mount external ntfs hdd @MACOS
brew cask install osxfuse- Reboot
brew install ntfs-3g- Connect hdd
mkdir ~/NTFSdiskutil list (check MS drive num eg disk2s1)sudo umount /dev/disk2s1sudo /usr/local/bin/ntfs-3g /dev/disk2s1 ~/NTFS -olocal -oallow_other
-
Mount an attached block storage (pre-formatted) to instance using fstab
-
Check currently attached volumes lsblk (ensure attached but not mounted)
-
Get UUID of volume blkid
-
Add entry in /etc/fstab UUID=<from above> /mount/point format options
-
Mount all fstab volumes sudo mount -a
-
Check currently attached volumes lsblk (ensure mounted)
-
IMPORTANT! If attaching new block storage, may need to format first
-
Check size of a directory
$ du -sh <dir>
where,
- s = summary
- h = human readable format
Example: Get size of all directories in current directory
$ du -sh ./*/
-
Move new files only (do not overwrite if exists)
$ mv -vn <source> <target>
where,
- v = verbose
- n = no overwrite
-
if/else
$ if [ <test> ]; then <something>; fi
for command sucess | fail, simply do this (no sq brackets)
$ if command; then <sucess>; else <fail>; fi
-
for loop
for ((expr1;expr2;expr3)); do <command>; done;
Example: Loop from 1 to END
END=5
for ((i=1;i<=END;i++)); do echo $i; done;
-
for in loop
for <variable> in <list>; do <command>; done
Example: Add all dot files to gitignore
for file in .*; do echo $file >> .gitignore; done
-
Arrays
An array in shell is within () brackets and looped like so:
arr=("a" "b" "c")
for alph in ${arr[*]}; do echo $alph; done;
Note that on cli, direct $arr works for looping but not in script!
-
Script strict mode
Ignore the \ in # below, kept for formatting reasons
\#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail
IFS=$'\n\t'
http://redsymbol.net/articles/unofficial-bash-strict-mode/
-
Find command
find <path> [-type | -size] -name "regex" [-exec <another cmd> | -delete]
Example: find and delete all dot files in current directory
find . -name ".*" -delete
as an alternative, fd works as follows
fd -t [d|f] [-HIL] "regex"
-
Remove duplicate lines from a file
awk '!l[$0]++' file > newfile
if order is not important
sort -u file > newfile
-
Start a background job
nohup <job> < /dev/null > /dev/null 2>&1 & disown
where,
- nohup = no hangup signal
- < /dev/null = no stdin (input)
- > /dev/null = no nohup file (output)
- 2>&1 = redirect errors to stdout (which is null)
- & = start in background
- disown = detach from shell
Example: To start mpv as music daemon
nohup mpv --no-audio-display --shuffle ~/Music < /dev/null > /dev/null 2>&1 & disown
-
Mount Ram as disk
sudo mount -t tmpfs -o size=5g tmpfs /mnt/ramfs
where a new temporary mount point /mnt/ramfs is created with 5 Gigabytes of capacity;
to unmount, do
umount /mnt/ramfs
-
Watch a file for change and run command when changes
while true; do watch -g ls -l <filename> && <cmd>; sleep 5; done
-
Download a webpage and all it’s linked pages and content
wget -r -l 1 -p -k -H -D domain.com,relateddomain.com http://domain.com/page/in/domain
where,
- r = recurse
- k = patch local links
- H = traverse domains other than original
- D = limit domains traversed
- l = depth of recursion
- p = download related content like images
-
Generate a random base64 string (May be used as token or password)
head -n1 /dev/urandom | base64
- number after
n changes length of string
-
Get all lines except the first:
tail -n+2
-
Lazy regex quatifier (works in js, not is sed, vim)
Suppose there is a line like so:
"this is some string" "this is another string"
And the aims is to select everything within quotes as a string.
A naive regex would be: /".*"/
But it actually selects everything inside starting from first ” to the end of line ”
To select only the content withing first closing quote, do : /.*?/
That is, add a ? aka a lazy quatifier (as opposed to normal greedy approach)
-
Add colour to console output (make sure to add Reset at the end after adding colour)
\033[0m : Reset
\033[1m : Bold
\033[91m : Red
\033[92m : Green
\033[93m : Blue
const colorize = (...args) => ({
black: `\x1b[30m${args.join(" ")}`,
red: `\x1b[31m${args.join(" ")}`,
green: `\x1b[32m${args.join(" ")}`,
yellow: `\x1b[33m${args.join(" ")}`,
blue: `\x1b[34m${args.join(" ")}`,
magenta: `\x1b[35m${args.join(" ")}`,
cyan: `\x1b[36m${args.join(" ")}`,
white: `\x1b[37m${args.join(" ")}`,
bgBlack: `\x1b[40m${args.join(" ")}\x1b[0m`,
bgRed: `\x1b[41m${args.join(" ")}\x1b[0m`,
bgGreen: `\x1b[42m${args.join(" ")}\x1b[0m`,
bgYellow: `\x1b[43m${args.join(" ")}\x1b[0m`,
bgBlue: `\x1b[44m${args.join(" ")}\x1b[0m`,
bgMagenta: `\x1b[45m${args.join(" ")}\x1b[0m`,
bgCyan: `\x1b[46m${args.join(" ")}\x1b[0m`,
bgWhite: `\x1b[47m${args.join(" ")}\x1b[0m`,
});
-
Process SIGnals (man signal)
-
The INT (interrupt) signal is the weakest. It is the signal number 2. Its meaning is “stop what you’re doing right now and wait for further user input”. It’s the signal generated by Ctrl+C in a terminal
-
The TERM (terminate) signal is the normal kill signal (i.e. the one sent when you just call kill). It is signal number 15. It tells the application to exit cleanly. This signal allows for a trap handler, which enables the receiving process to do some clean up in an orderly fashion. An application that doesn’t want to be interrupted during a critical operation might ignore SIGTERM for a while.
-
The HUP signal (hang up) is about the same as SIGTERM in terms of harshness, but it has a specific role because it’s automatically sent to applications running in a terminal when the user disconnects from that terminal. It is signal number 1.
-
The QUIT signal is the harshest of the ignorable signals. It’s meant to be used when an application is misbehaving and needs to be killed now, and by default it traditionally left a core dump file. It is signal number 3.
-
The KILL signal does not have ANY possibility of the being resisted. It always works because a KILL signal cannot be handled. This is both its blessing and its curse. It is signal number 9.